2. A Time signature specifies the beat length and the number of beats in each bar.

3. 9/8 means 9 beats per bar, each beat of a quaver (eighth note) length.

4. Common Time is the same as 4/4 Time. It means 4 crotchet (quarter note) beats per bar.

5. Perfect Time subdivides long notes into three. It was used in the 14th Century.

B.
1. A sharp in front of a note raises that note by half a step.

2. A flat in front of a note lowers that note by half a step.

3. A natural cancels an earlier sharp or flat, or the sharp or flat of a key signature.

4. For the remaining of the current bar, unless it is cancelled by another accidental.

5. The enharmonic equivalents are : Gb - A# - B

C.
1. A dot placed behind a note makes that note longer (by half its value). A dot above or below a note means it must be played 'staccato'(short).

2. A slur is drawn over two or more notes of different pitches, they must be played smoothly (in one breath). A tie connects two notes of the same ptch, making it effectively one single note (its duration is the combined length of the two tied notes).

3. p = piano (soft) , mp = mezzo piano (moderately soft) , f = forte (loud)

4. A hair pin opening to the right indicates a crescendo, a gradual increase of sound.

5. Used when a section is repeated with different endings. First the 1st time bars are played upto the repeat sign. Then the section is repeated, when the player reaches the 1st time bars again, he (she) skips over them and goes directly to the 2nd time bars and onwards from there.

6. The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkler in 1812.

D.
1. F major - Bb

2. Bb major - Bb and Eb

3. D major - F# and C#

4. B major - F# , C# , G# , D# and A#

5. C major - no sharp , no flat

6. Ab major - Bb , Eb , Ab and Db

7. F# major - F# , C# , G# , D# , A# and E#

E.
The correct bar line positions are shown below.

Audio 5

F.

1. The score includes :
   • Bass drum on each beat
   • Snare drum on beats 2 and 4
   • Hi Hat on each half beat, with closed position on the down beats of 2 and 4.

2. The drum score emphasises the beats 2 and 4 in the bar.
   This is an important form of syncopation used in Jazz, Pop, Rock and other styles of popular music, where the accents are shifted from their natural positions of beat 1 and 3 to the surprise positions beat 2 and beat 4.

   Syncopation can be defined as an effect of rhytmic surprise, where the accents in music are shifted

   • from beats 1 or 3 to beats 2 or 4, or
   • from any down beat position to an offbeat position.