2.

• Starting and ending with a breath : "hoooh"
• Starting with a breath and ending with the tongue : "hooood"
• Starting with the tongue and ending with (dropping) the breath (not throat closure) : "daaah"
• Starting and ending with the tongue : ("daaad")

3. Loss of tone quality, poor timing, not a clean note attack.

4. Fast alternating reed and throat closures like "dugudugu" or "tukutuku" only used for very fast passages.

B.
1. To act as a valve.

2. The front edge of the reed.

3. The flat underside of the reed. The exception is so called "slap tonguing" where the tongue slaps against the underside of the reed. This was used during the early Jazz period to produce comic sound effects.

4. This depends on the relative size of the tongue. A short tongue touches against the reed with its tip. A longer tongue touches the reed edge with a point beyond the tongue tip.

5. The back of the tongue should be kept forward so that it does not block the throat. This is why the right choice for B.4 above is important.

6. The tip functions as articulation valve. The bulk of the tongue shape is used for voicing of the note.

C.
1. Take a breath by dropping the jaw - close the reed with the tongue - bring air pressure to the point of the reed - release the tongue.

2. The air pressure in the mouth remains constant from one breath to the next, regardless of note articulations or (non breathing) rests in between.

3. A clean note attack, good timing of the note, an instantaneous good tone.

D.
1. "daaa" or "dooo' or "deee".

2. "dat" or "dot" or "dit"

3. Slurred passages, indicated by a slur over a series of notes on the music score. Here only the first note is tongued, while the following note(s) flow on from the same breath.